e-book+of+My+Story+Of+The+World

e-book of my story of the world prehistory

Early Agriculture Mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greece Ancient Rome

The Middle Ages

Yasemin-- Great job on the M.A. mini-chapter. 96. Two errors. Make the fixes. Go for 100. Mr. B. on 1/13/12

The approximate dates of the Middle Ages are from A.D 500 to 1400s. Charles Martel was a Frankish leader whose grandson, named Charlemagne, lead the Franks and who spread Roman Christianity throughout Europe. Charlemagne (it means “Charles the Great”) conquered many lands, including present-day France, Germany, and Italy. The Pope crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor because Charlemagne had spread Roman Christianity throughout the territory that had previously been controlled by the Roman Empire. The form of government in the Middle Ages was called feudalism. This was a way to keep the peace in Europe. It was a system of governing based on liberty of the land and loyalty to a landowner. In the feudal system a lord gave land to the nobles, who in turn gave loyalty to the king. The vassal received an area of land called a fief in exchange for his loyalty to the lord. The “pledge of allegiance” made by a vassal was called an oath of respect. ** The vassal promised to protect the lord, if asked, and to act as a soldier. When a vassal wore armor on horseback in defense of his lord, they were called knights. They ** followed a Code of conduct. Knights had to know music and poetry, have good manners, and protect the Church. A serf was a person who was bound to work on a noble’s farmland. Serfs had to pay their lord taxes in the form of work or produce. A manor is a settlement that had a Church, farmland, a mill on it, and a central manor house. During the Middle Ages, a tribe from northern, called the tried to exert their control over Europe. One such tribe, named the Vikings traveled throughout Europe. They terrified people, and stole from towns and burning them. They were also great explorers who settled in Iceland, Greenland, and even in North America. In 1066, William the Duke of Normandy crossed the English Channel from the north coast of France. He defeated the Saxon king of England at Hastings, who was named Harold. William made himself King of England. William brought elements of the French culture to England and established a strong government. The English king of England, King John, was forced by his vassals to sign an important document called the Magna Carta. This “Great Charter” was important, because it said that King John could not violent the rights of free men. The Magna Carta said that the king could not unfairly raise taxes, or make unfair demands of goods or labor from his citizens. The primary religion in the Middle Ages was roman Catholicism. This religion made its influence felt throughout the Middle Ages. Monks were communities who lived in Monasteries and who dedicated themselves to serving god and to do acts of kindness and good works. In one room in the monastery, called the scriptorium, monks copied ancient Latin and Greek texts onto scripts. Women who devoted their lives to serving god were called nuns. They lived in convents. A cathedral is/was a huge Christian church. In the Middle Ages, the religious life of the community centered around cathedrals. The Crusades was a series of wars that Christians fought to regain control of the Holy Land. including Jerusalem and the surrounding lands. Crusaders battled with the Christians, who were then in control of the Holy Land. The Reconquista was a long war fought by Christian armies in an attempt to recapture Spain from Moslem control. A craftsman was a man who makes goods, such as coats or stained-glass. A merchant sold those crafts.If you were an apprentice to a master craftsman, you had to learn basic crafts.A journeyman craftsman would go on travels in order to get to know other towns and other ways of working. They went on foot and often spent years wandering through the many countries before they returned home or found a city that had a place for a master of their trade. An apprentices to a craftsman is just starting to learn the craft.You would become a master craftsman only after you had been an apprentice and served your time as a journeyman and finally completed a master piece. If you created this, you would be declared a Master and be admitted to a guild. A guild is a association of master craftsmen. A guild made sure there were no more masters of any trade than was necessary. A member of a guild was expected to support his fellow members and not steal their trade, and not treat his customers with poor goods. In 1348, a terrible disease struck Europe called the Black Plague or the Bubonic plague. The plague was transmitted by fleas carried by rats. The Plague killed one-third of the European population.

The Renaissance and The Reformation

Yasemin-- The grade on the R & R is 90, as there are 4 errors each of which is worth 2.5 points. Please correct them--see the highlighted words below. Mr. B. on 1/3/12

“My Story of the World: Renaissance & Reformation == The French word “renaitre” means “to be reborn” and that’s exactly what happened in the Renaissance. In the Renaissance, people had a rebirth of interest in the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. During the Renaissance there was a rebirth of interest in classicial sivilizations, which is the name for concern with human interests and human beings and with the human experience. The Renaissance, which began around 1300’s, changed the way Europe thought. == == The Renaissance began in the Italian city of Florence, because it was a city made rich because it was a center of shipping and banking. The people of Florence had excellent goods and a better chance of selling their goods. ==

family was very wealthy banking family. The best known of the Medici family was Lorenzo de’ Medici // . //
== Any gifted young artists would be taken into the Medici household and be educated. Lorenzo de’Medici gave his support and protection and supporter to many scholars and artists. The term for such a supporter of the arts is a patron. == == One very important artist whom Lorenzo supported was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo created many great paintings, such as “The Last Supper” and “The Mona Lisa.” But his other areas of interest and expertise were engineering, music, and the natural world. Leonardo was the first artist to perfect three-dimensional on flat surface. This was a new way of drawing and painting. It allowed the artist to make an object in the picture appear inthree dimension to the viewer. == == Another major Renaissance artist was Michelangelo. He made many wonderful sculptures and paintings. Some of them were his famous painting of Bible scene on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his sculpture, “David”, which shows the Old Testament biblical hero as a Roman or Greek warrior. == == To understand what the Protestant Reformation was, we need to understand what “protestant” means and what “reformation” means. The verb “reform” means to correct something in order to improve it. So a “reformation” is something that has been reformed. To protest against something means to complain about something’s fairness. == == The Protestants were named well, because they protested against the Pope, who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants did not like the way the priests and monks of the Roman Catholic Church were selling indulgences of letters. This was a letter of pardon for sins that a priest gave out in exchange for a payment of forgiveness. The German priest Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses as a protest against indulgences. He nailed this document to the door of his church in Wittenberg, Germany. In this document, Luther protested that it was not true, or correct, Christian belief to sell the forgiveness of sins. == == The invention of the printing press with movable type, also movable type is almost like a stamp, in 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg, helped speed up the spread of ideas, like Martin Luther’s ideas. It // printed faster than a person could write, which was the // old way of copying documents or books. == The Protestant Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII broke away from the Pope, because Henry wanted a son and the Pope wouldn’t grant him one. Henry formed a new church called the Anglican Church, or Church of England. Henry VIII became richer and more powerful after the split with Rome, because he took over the Pope’s land and money that had been owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Henry’s daughter, Queen Elizabeth I [the first] was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was known for her intelligence and courage and for helping England overcome religious differences and foreign enemies. She led her people through these times and against the Spanish Armada in 1588. During Queen Elizabeth I’s reign lived the great William Shakespeare. He was an actor, poet, and a play wright. The plays of Shakespeare show a deep understandings of human thoughts and feelings. When he died in 1616, Shakespeare had written 37 plays and 154 poems. He is widely considered to be the greatest writer in the English language who ever lived.